朝日奈あかり是我最喜欢的现役女优 她的blog更新非常勤快 每天都有三四次 通常都会贴很多生活照 今天无聊 用ahk和libcurl写了个小脚本 把她blog上的照片全部下载了 截至2009.12.12 一共1403张照片 打包上传到hotfile
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http://hotfile.com/dl/20429571/d362570/asahina_akari.zip.html
解压密码fanliang
Jean’s Note:
To guys link from somewhere to this post:Yesterday,my blog’s bandwidth is overflow.Then U can read this article normally but can’t download the pdf version.I have to store the pdf file on Google Docs.U can read&download it there.The link was given in the end.
ATTENTION:This article contains a support Material
本期的Science刊登了一项研究，横跨亚洲的近两千人遗传变异研究表明，亚洲大陆的人口主要是通过单一的一次大规模迁徙形成的，在此之前，曾有多方争议认为亚洲人口分布的迁移是两次形成的，一次是向东南亚方向，一次是中亚和东北亚方向。
文章的主要研究结果是，90%的东亚单体型可以在东南亚和环南亚人群中找到，渐变群结构的多样性由南至北减少，另外50%的东亚单体型只在东南亚发现，5%只在环南亚发现。这表明，东南亚是东亚人群的主要地理来源。
文章的具体细节还要请教专业的同学，对遗传学一窍不通，语言学与民族学的结论，在遗传学面前，变得不堪一击，时代真的变了，研究历史切不可埋头固步自封。
这张是根据文章观点勾画成的迁徙路线图，不同颜色代表的年代和种群可以参考正文的图1
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Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium*,
Asia harbors substantial cultural and linguistic diversity, but the geographic structure of genetic variation across the continent remains enigmatic. Here we report a large-scale survey of autosomal variation from a broad geographic sample of Asian human populations. Our results show that genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography. Most populations show relatedness within ethnic/linguistic groups, despite prevalent gene flow among populations. More than 90% of East Asian (EA) haplotypes could be found in either Southeast Asian (SEA) or Central-South Asian (CSA) populations and show clinal structure with haplotype diversity decreasing from south to north. Furthermore, 50% of EA haplotypes were found in SEA only and 5% were found in CSA only, indicating that SEA was a major geographic source of EA populations.
* All authors with their affiliations appear at the end of this paper.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ljin007@gmail.com (L.J.); liue@gis.a-star.edu.sg (E.T.L.); seielstadm@gis.a-star.edu.sg (M.S.); xushua@picb.ac.cn (S.X.)
Several genome-wide studies of human genetic diversity focusing primarily on broad continental relationships, or fine-scale structure in Europe, have been published recently (1–8). We have extended this approach to Southeast Asian (SEA) and East Asian (EA) populations by using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 50K Xba Array. Stringently quality-controlled genotypes were obtained at 54,794 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1928 individuals representing 73 Asian and two non-Asian HapMap populations (9). Apart from developing a general description of Asian population structure and its relation to geography, language, and demographic history, we concentrated on uncovering the geographic source(s) of EA and SEA populations.
We first performed a Bayesian clustering procedure using the STRUCTURE algorithm (10) to examine the ancestry of each individual. Each person is posited to derive from an arbitrary number of ancestral populations, denoted by K. We ran STRUCTURE from K = 2 to K = 14 using both the complete data set and SNP subsets to exclude those in strong linkage disequilibrium (Fig. 1 and figs. S1 to S13). At K = 2 and K = 3, all SEA and EA samples are united by predominant membership in a common cluster, with the other cluster(s) corresponding largely to Indo-European (IE) and African (AF) ancestries. At K = 4, a component most frequently found in Negrito populations that is also shared by all SEA populations emerges, suggesting a common SEA ancestry. Each value of K beyond 4 introduces a new component that tends to be associated with a group of populations united by membership in a linguistic family, by geographic proximity, by a known history of admixture, or, especially at higher Ks, by membership in a small population isolate. The results obtained using frappe (11), a maximum-likelihood–based clustering analysis, showed a general concordance with those of STRUCTURE (figs. S14 to S26). These analyses show that most individuals within a population share very similar ancestry estimates at all Ks, an observation that is consistent also with a phylogeny relating individuals (fig. S27) based on an allele-sharing distance (12). Therefore, we proceeded to evaluate the relationships among populations. A maximum-likelihood tree of populations, based on 42,793 SNPs whose ancestral states were known (Fig. 1), showed that all the SEA and EA populations make up a monophyletic clade that is supported by 100% of bootstrap replicates. This pattern remained even after data from 51 additional populations and 19,934 commonly typed SNPs from a recent study were integrated into the tree (fig. S28). These observations suggest that SEA and EA populations share a common origin.
Fig. 1. Maximum-likelihood tree of 75 populations. A hypothetical most-recent common ancestor (MRCA) composed of ancestral alleles as inferred from the genotypes of one gorilla and 21 chimpanzees was used to root the tree. Branches with bootstrap values less than 50% were condensed. Population identification numbers (IDs), sample collection locations with latitudes and longitudes, ethnicities, language spoken, and size of population samples are shown in the table adjacent to each branch in the tree. Linguistic groups are indicated with colors as shown in the legend. All population IDs except the four HapMap samples are denoted by four characters. The first two letters indicate the country where the samples were collected or (in the case of Affymetrix) genotyped, according to the following convention: AX, Affymetrix; CN, China; ID, Indonesia; IN, India; JP, Japan; KR, Korea; MY, Malaysia; PI, the Philippines; SG, Singapore; TH, Thailand; and TW, Taiwan. The last two letters are unique IDs for the population. To the right of the table, an averaged graph of results from STRUCTURE is shown for K = 14.
STRUCTURE/frappe and principal components analyses (PCA) (13) (Figs. 1 and 2 and figs. S1 to S26) identify as many as 10 main population components. Each component corresponds largely to one of the five major linguistic groups (Altaic, Sino-Tibetan/Tai-Kadai, Hmong-Mien, Austro-Asiatic, and Austronesian), three ethnic categories (Philippine Negritos, Malaysian Negritos, and East Indonesians/Melanesians) and two small population isolates (the Bidayuh of Borneo and the hunter-gatherer Mlabri population of central and northern Thailand). The STRUCTURE results (Fig. 1 and figs. S1 to S13), population phylogenies (Fig. 1 and figs. S27 and S28), and PCA results (Fig. 2) all show that populations from the same linguistic group tend to cluster together. A Mantel test confirms the correlation between linguistic and genetic affinities (R2 = 0.253; P < 0.0001 with 10,000 permutations), even after controlling for geography (partial correlation = 0.136; P < 0.005 with 10,000 permutations). Nevertheless, we identified eight population outliers whose linguistic and genetic affinities are inconsistent [Affymetrix-Melanesian (AX-ME), Malaysia-Jehai (MY-JH) (Negrito), Malaysia-Kensiu (MY-KS) (Negrito), Thailand-Mon (TH-MO), Thailand-Karen (TH-KA), China-Jinuo (CN-JN), India-Spiti (IN-TB), and China-Uyghur (CN-UG); see table S3]. These linguistic outliers tend to cluster with their geographic neighbors or [especially evident in the principal component (PC) plots of Fig. 2] occupy an intermediate position between their geographic neighbors and the more-distant members of their linguistic group. These patterns are consistent either with substantial recent admixture among the populations (14–16), a history of language replacement (17), or uncertainties in the linguistic classifications themselves (for example, the controversial Altaic family, which groups Korean and Japanese with Uyghur).
Fig. 2. Analysis of the first two PCs. (A) 1928 individuals representing all 75 populations. (B) 1868 individuals representing 74 populations (excluding YRI). (C) 1471 individuals representing 58 populations (excluding all Indians, CN-UG, TH-MA, AX-ME, and Negritos from Malaysia). (D) 1235 individuals representing 44 populations (excluding Philippine Negritos, PI-MA, and East Indonesians).
Considerable gene flow among Asian populations was observed among subpopulations in these clusters, including those groups believed to practice endogamy based on linguistic, cultural, and ethnic information. In fact, most populations studied, even at lower Ks, show evidence of admixture in the STRUCTURE analyses. For example, the Han Chinese have grown to become the largest ethnic group today in a demographic expansion that has occurred mostly within historical times. STRUCTURE reveals that the six Han Chinese population samples in our study show varying degrees of admixture (Fig. 1 and figs. S1 to S26) between a northern Altaic cluster and a Sino-Tibetan/Tai-Kadai cluster, which most frequently appears in the ethnic groups sampled from southern China and northern Thailand. Finally, most of the Indian populations showed evidence of shared ancestry with European populations, which is consistent with the recent observations (18) and our understanding of the expansion of Indo-European–speaking populations (Fig. 1 and figs. S1 to S26).
The geographic source(s) contributing to EA populations have long been debated. One hypothesis suggests that all SEA and EA populations derive primarily from a single initial migration, which entered the continent along a southern, largely coastal route (19, 20). Another hypothesis argues for at least two independent migrations into East Asia, first along a southern route, followed later by a series of migrations along a more northern route that served to bridge European and EA populations, but with little contribution to populations in Southeast Asia (20). The topology of a maximum-likelihood tree (Fig. 1 and fig. S28) displays a largely south-to-north ordering of the populations, and a plot of the first two PCs (Fig. 2) similarly orients most populations according to their geographic coordinates. The average value of the first PC is highly correlated with the latitude at which the populations were sampled (R2 = 0.79, P < 0.0001). Such a pattern could result simply from isolation-by-distance (IBD), as suggested by Ding et al. (21), although a recent study failed to detect IBD in East Asia with data from the Human Genome Diversity Project (22).
In an effort to distinguish between long-term historical divergence and the effects of IBD, we applied partial and multiple Mantel tests to the data (23) [see supporting online material (SOM) text for details]. The primary approach was to ascertain the differential correlation between genetic distance, geographical distance, and a group indicator matrix as an indication of prehistoric population divergence. The partial correlation coefficient of genetic and geographic distances was 0.228 (P < 0.0006), after controlling for the group indicator matrix (inferred from STRUCTURE/frappe analyses), whereas the partial correlation of the genetic and group indicator matrices was 0.403 (P < 0.0001) after controlling for geography. The superior association between genetic distance and the group indicator matrix as measured by the correlation coefficients suggests that prehistorical population divergence is the favored model over IBD in explaining the data (24). This conclusion is supported by simulation studies that also suggest that the observed patterns cannot be explained by simple IBD effects alone (see SOM text for details).
To further refine the analysis, we looked to haplotype organization to limit the effect of fluctuations in single-nucleotide determinations and to increase the resolution around genetic diversity. The IBD model predicts a correlation of genetic distance with geographical distance but not genetic diversity and geographic distance (24). By contrast, we found (Fig. 3A) that haplotype diversity is strongly correlated with latitude (R2 = 0.91, P < 0.0001), with diversity decreasing from south to north, which is consistent with a loss of diversity as populations moved to higher latitudes. In estimating the contribution of SEA and Central-South Asian (CSA) haplotypes to the EA gene pool by haplotype sharing analyses (16), we found that more than 90% of haplotypes in EA populations could be found in SEA and CSA populations, of which about 50% were found in SEA and EA only and 5% found in CSA only (Fig. 3B, see also SOM text). Phylogenetic analysis of private haplotypes indicates greater similarity between EA and SEA populations relative to EA and CSA populations (Fig. 3C). These observations suggest that the geographic source(s) contributing to EA populations were mainly from SEA populations, with rather minor contributions from CSA, and that this clinal structure of EA populations arose from prehistoric population divergence rather than IBD or gene flow from CSA populations.
Fig. 3. Analysis of haplotype diversity, haplotype sharing, and population phylogeny. (A) Haplotype diversity versus latitudes. Haplotypes were estimated from combined data, and diversity was measured by heterozygosity of haplotypes. HSa, b, c, and d and the corresponding colors show the percentages of EA group haplotypes in each class: HSa, found in CSA only; HSb, found in neither CSA nor SEA; HSc, found in both CSA and SEA; HSd, found in SEA only. Latitudes (y axis) for groups were obtained from the center of sample collection locations. Circled numbers are as follows: 1, Indonesian; 2, Malay; 3, Philippine; 4, Thai; 5, Southern Chinese minorities; 6, Southern Han Chinese; 7, Japanese and Korean; 8, Northern Han Chinese; 9, Northern Chinese minorities; and 10, Yakut. Haplotype heterozygosity of each group was estimated from 100-kb bins and taking together all haplotypes within each group. R2 for the regression line is 0.91 (P < 0.0001). (B) Haplotype sharing analysis for EA populations and groups. YKT, Yakut; N-CM, Northern Chinese minorities; N-HAN, Northern Han Chinese; JP-KR, Japanese and Korean; S-HAN, Southern Han Chinese; S-CM, Southern Chinese minorities; EA, East Asian. (C) Phylogeny of group private haplotypes. EA private haplotypes: haplotypes found only in EA samples; SEA private haplotypes: haplotypes found only in SEA samples; CSA private haplotypes: haplotypes found only in CSA samples; Shared haplotypes: haplotypes found in all EA, SEA, and CSA samples; African haplotypes were used as outgroup. (D) Maximum-likelihood tree of 29 populations. The tree is based on data from 19,934 SNPs. Bootstrap values were based on 100 replicates. Only values on splitting of African and non-African, European and Oceanian and Asian, and Oceanian and Asian are shown.
On the basis of increased cultural, linguistic, and genetic diversity, the origins of SEA populations are thought to be more complex than the origins of those to their north. Notably, the Negritos of the Philippines and Malaysia differ from neighboring populations in aspects of their physical appearance, prompting intense speculation about models of human settlement in Southeast Asia. The two-wave hypothesis, which suggests that ancestral Negrito populations settled in Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania before a more northerly migration originating in or near the Middle East, and spreading both toward Europe and Northeast Asia via Central Asia (25), has been supported by phylogenetic trees constructed from data on a limited number of protein markers (24, 25). The topology of our population trees, both with and without the data from additional European and Asian populations discussed in (1), is inconsistent with regard to this genetic similarity of European and EA populations (Figs. 1 and 3D). Instead, on the basis of variation at a large number of independent SNPs, we observed that there is substantial genetic proximity of SEA and EA populations (fig. S28). An identical pattern is seen in the population tree of Li et al. (1) based on all of their 642,690 SNPs. Our forward-time simulation results under extreme ascertainment scenarios (SOM text) show that the observed phylogeny is not the result of ascertainment bias. Simulation studies also suggest that substantial levels of migration between populations after their initial separation are unlikely to distort the topology of the phylogeny (SOM text).
To unambiguously infer population histories represents a considerable challenge (26). Although this study does not disprove a two-wave model of migration, the evidence from our autosomal data and the accompanying simulation studies (figs. S29 and S30) point toward a history that unites the Negrito and non-Negrito populations of Southeast and East Asia via a single primary wave of entry of humans into the continent.
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium
Mahmood Ameen Abdulla,1 Ikhlak Ahmed,2 Anunchai Assawamakin,3,4 Jong Bhak,5 Samir K. Brahmachari,2 Gayvelline C. Calacal,6 Amit Chaurasia,2 Chien-Hsiun Chen,7 Jieming Chen,8 Yuan-Tsong Chen,7 Jiayou Chu,9 Eva Maria C. Cutiongco-de la Paz,10 Maria Corazon A. De Ungria,6 Frederick C. Delfin,6 Juli Edo,1 Suthat Fuchareon,3 Ho Ghang,5 Takashi Gojobori,11,12 Junsong Han,13 Sheng-Feng Ho,7 Boon Peng Hoh,14 Wei Huang,15 Hidetoshi Inoko,16 Pankaj Jha,2 Timothy A. Jinam,1 Li Jin,17,38 Jongsun Jung,18 Daoroong Kangwanpong,19 Jatupol Kampuansai,19 Giulia C. Kennedy,20,21 Preeti Khurana,22 Hyung-Lae Kim,18 Kwangjoong Kim,18 Sangsoo Kim,23 Woo-Yeon Kim,5 Kuchan Kimm,24 Ryosuke Kimura,25 Tomohiro Koike,11 Supasak Kulawonganunchai,4 Vikrant Kumar,8 Poh San Lai,26,27 Jong-Young Lee,18 Sunghoon Lee,5 Edison T. Liu,8 Partha P. Majumder,28 Kiran Kumar Mandapati,22 Sangkot Marzuki,29 Wayne Mitchell,30,31 Mitali Mukerji,2 Kenji Naritomi,32 Chumpol Ngamphiw,4 Norio Niikawa,40 Nao Nishida,25 Bermseok Oh,18 Sangho Oh,5 Jun Ohashi,25 Akira Oka,16 Rick Ong,8 Carmencita D. Padilla,10 Prasit Palittapongarnpim,33 Henry B. Perdigon,6 Maude Elvira Phipps,1,34 Eileen Png,8 Yoshiyuki Sakaki,35 Jazelyn M. Salvador,6 Yuliana Sandraling,29 Vinod Scaria,2 Mark Seielstad,8 Mohd Ros Sidek,14 Amit Sinha,2 Metawee Srikummool,19 Herawati Sudoyo,29 Sumio Sugano,37 Helena Suryadi,29 Yoshiyuki Suzuki,11 Kristina A. Tabbada,6 Adrian Tan,8 Katsushi Tokunaga,25 Sissades Tongsima,4 Lilian P. Villamor,6 Eric Wang,20,21 Ying Wang,15 Haifeng Wang,15 Jer-Yuarn Wu,7 Huasheng Xiao,13 Shuhua Xu,38 Jin Ok Yang,5 Yin Yao Shugart,39 Hyang-Sook Yoo,5 Wentao Yuan,15 Guoping Zhao,15 Bin Alwi Zilfalil,14 Indian Genome Variation Consortium2
1Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia. 2Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India. 3Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 M. 3, Puttamonthon 4 Road, Puttamonthon, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand. 4Biostatistics and Informatics Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathumtani 12120, Thailand. 5Korean BioInformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-806, Korea. 6DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. 7Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road Nangang, Taipei City 115, Taiwan. 8Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street 02-01, 138672, Singapore. 9Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Kunming, China. 10Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil Street, Ermita Manila 1000, Philippines. 11Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan. 12Biomedicinal Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-42 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan. 13National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 151 Li Bing Road, Shanghai 201203, China. 14Human Genome Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. 15MOST-Shanghai Laboratory of Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center Shanghai, 250 Bi Bo Road, Shanghai 201203, China. 16Department of Molecular Life Science Division of Molecular Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-A Kanagawa-Pref A259-1193, Japan. 17State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China. 18Korea National Institute of Health, 194, Tongil-Lo, Eunpyung-Gu, Seoul, 122-701, Korea. 19Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand. 20Genomics Collaborations, Affymetrix, 3420 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA. 21Veracyte, 7000 Shoreline Court, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. 22The Centre for Genomic Applications (an IGIB-IMM Collaboration), 254 Ground Floor, Phase III Okhla Industrial Estate, New Delhi 110020, India. 23Soongsil University, Sangdo-5-dong 1-1, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-743, Korea. 24Eulji University College of Medicine, 143-5 Yong-du-dong Jung-gu, Dae-jeon City 301-832, Korea. 25Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. 26Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074, Singapore. 27Population Genetics Lab, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, 117510, Singapore. 28Indian Statistical Institute (Kolkata) 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700108, India. 29Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia. 30Informatics Experimental Therapeutic Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, 03-01 Nanos, 138669, Singapore. 31Division of Information Sciences, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. 32Department of Medical Genetics, University of the Ryukyus Faculty of Medicine, Nishihara, 207 Uehara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan. 33National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathumtani 12120, Thailand. 34Monash University (Sunway Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia. 35RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, W502, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. 36Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sasson Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. 37Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Sciences Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo (Shirokanedai Laboratory), 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. 38Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China. 39Genomic Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. 40Research Institute of Personalized Health Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan.
Materials and Methods
SOM Text
Figs. S1 to S38
Tables S1 to S4
References and Notes
1. J. Z. Li et al., Science 319, 1100 (2008).
2. M. Kayser et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82, 194 (2008).
3. N. A. Rosenberg et al., PLoS Genet. 1, e70 (2005).
4. N. A. Rosenberg et al., Science 298, 2381 (2002).
5. J. Novembre et al., Nature 456, 98 (2008).
6. M. Nelis et al., PLoS One 4, e5472 (2009).
7. C. Tian et al., PLoS Genet. 4, e4 (2008).
8. O. Lao et al., Curr. Biol. 18, 1241 (2008).
9. The International HapMap Consortium, Nature 426, 789 (2003).
10. J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, P. Donnelly, Genetics 155, 945 (2000).
11. H. Tang, J. Peng, P. Wang, N. J. Risch, Genet. Epidemiol. 28, 289 (2005).
12. J. L. Mountain, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61, 705 (1997).
13. N. Patterson, A. L. Price, D. Reich, PLoS Genet. 2, e190 (2006).
14. S. Xu, L. Jin, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 83, 322 (2008).
15. S. Xu, W. Huang, J. Qian, L. Jin, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82, 883 (2008).
16. S. Xu, W. Jin, L. Jin, Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2197 (2009).
17. L. Reid, in Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. T. Dutton, T. Tryon, Eds. (Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 1994) pp. 443–475.
18. Indian Genome Variation Consortium, J. Genet. 87, 3 (2008).
19. J. Y. Chu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 11763 (1998).
20. B. Su et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65, 1718 (1999).
21. Y. C. Ding et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 14003 (2000).
22. A. Manica, F. Prugnolle, F. Balloux, Hum. Genet. 118, 366 (2005).
23. M. P. Telles, J. A. Diniz-Filho, Genet. Mol. Res. 4, 742 (2005).
24. L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, P. Menozzi, A. Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993).
25. L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. W. Feldman, Nat. Genet. 33, 266 (2003).
26. G. Hellenthal, A. Auton, D. Falush, PLoS Genet. 4, e1000078 (2008).
27. The entire consortium thanks all individuals who volunteered their DNA for this project. It is this collaboration between scientists and the public that is essential to progress in our field. All SNP data have been submitted to dbSNP with the submission handle PASNPI and will become accessible in dbSNP Build 131. See SOM text for a complete listing of all acknowledgments.
Full Text (PDF)
https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B3UYvllmqJmMMGJjYWE1MjMtNWMzMi00NzQ5LWE3YWYtZDc4OGFhZjFiODNh&hl=en
这一期的JAMA刊登了一项重要研究，之前人们认为的——乳腺癌患者应该慎重食用大豆制品，因为其中包含的丰富异黄酮类雌激素可能会促进乳腺癌发展——这个认识可能并不正确。
这篇名为“Challenges in Design and Interpretation of Observational Research on Health Behaviors and Cancer Survival”的报告，调查随访了5千余名乳腺癌患者，大豆制品的摄取量与复发、死亡率呈反相关。经过校正后的数据，食用大豆最多与最少的人群 ，4年死亡率为10.3% vs 7.4%
尽管这个报告揭示一个非常重要的结果，但文章最后的Editor’s Note仍然提醒，随访时间较短，需要在更大的组群中调查。
一周推语
昨天批量咨询了几本书，回过来的邮件竟然每封单位都不一样，以前都是自己所在单位名。有几个学校还是第一次听说
买了一些螺蛳回来，准备养几天吐尽脏物再炒的，结果意外的发现有几个在生宝宝了。决定不做菜了，养着，看看会长多大。
上几张照片，螺蛳宝宝被包裹在半透明乳白色的一团中，不知道学名叫什么。细小的黑点应该是触角。太可爱了。
可惜相机的微距不行，又不忍心开闪光，凑合着看吧。明天中午光线足的时候再拍。
我想要师伏堂日记啊 口水哗哗地~~~越来越黑了
一周推语
谢康乐山居赋有句曰“年与疾而偕来 志乘拙而俱旋” 因名
好久没买书了。读秀迟迟不上书，等不及了只好自己破费。订了套黄灵庚先生的《楚辞章句疏证》，200。
余季豫的《小勤有堂杂钞》，不幸落入强盗出版社出版，定价680，还是忍一忍吧，不是急用，只想看看其中庄述祖的《历代载籍足征录》。
尚勇兄的《乐府文学文献研究》，本来是有的，不幸弄丢，顺手牵了一本，19块。
高田时雄先生主编的《转型期的敦煌学》，拿一本当枕边书，有些文章要细看几遍，图书馆老是不在档。70块。
最近事情少，可以专心写了，明天贴小散仙第3回。
昨天挂机下书，刚才结束，看了一下，共下载18万页，13.7G。了不起啊，真佩服自己。也不枉我删掉那么多A片来存放。
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